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Jozef Tiso
Jozef Fr. Tiso (13 October 1887 – 18 April 1947) was a Slovak Roman Catholic priest, and a leading politician of the Slovak People's Party. Between 1939 and 1945, Tiso was the head of the 1939–45 First Slovak Republic, a satellite state of Nazi Germany and he was to remain an active priest throughout his political career.〔For Tiso's early years, see Ward (2013) chapters 1-3.〕 After the end of World War II, Tiso was convicted and hanged for treason.
==Early life==
Tiso was born in Bytča to Slovak parents in what was then the Trencsén County of the Kingdom of Hungary, part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The Bishop of Nitra, Imre Bende, offered Tiso a chance to study for the priesthood, and, in 1911, Tiso graduated from the prestigious Pázmáneum in Vienna.〔Ward (2013) p. 21,〕 His early ministry was spent as an assistant priest in three parishes in today's Slovakia. After brief frontline service as a field curate in World War I, he was appointed as the Spiritual Director of the Nitra seminary by Bende's successor, Vilmos Batthyány.〔Ward (2013) pp. 29-32.〕 Tiso was also active at this time as a school teacher and journalist. His articles for the local paper would later be controversial because of their strong support for the Hungarian war cause. During this period he frequently used the Hungarian form of his name, Tiszó József.〔Ward (2013) p. 21.〕
With the collapse of Austria-Hungary and the creation of Czechoslovakia in 1918, Tiso suddenly embraced politics as a career, at the same time declaring himself in public as a Slovak.〔Ward (2013) p. 39.〕 Within a few weeks, he had joined the Slovak People's Party. In 1918 and 1919, he was editor of a newspaper, ''Nitra'' (''Nyitra'' in its Hungarian edition), in which he made clear his highly antisemitic opinions.〔Ward (2013) pp. 42-54.〕 In 1921 Tiso was appointed monsignor by the Vatican, although this appointment lapsed with the later death of Pope Benedict XV.〔Ward (2013) p. 74.〕 From 1921 to 1923, he served as the secretary to the new Slovak bishop of Nitra, Karol Kmeťko. During the same period, nationalist political agitation earned Tiso two convictions for incitement, one of which resulted in a short incarceration. Displeased, Kmeťko dropped him as secretary in 1923, but retained him as a Professor of Theology. In 1924, Tiso left Nitra to become parish priest and then dean of Bánovce nad Bebravou.〔Ward (2013) pp. 80-4.〕
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